Migration

Migration is the movement of people from one place to another, typically across borders or between regions, with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in a new location. In the context of African business and development, migration encompasses both intra-African movement and emigration to other continents, driven by factors including economic opportunity, conflict, climate change and family reunification. Labour migration forms a significant component, with workers moving to access better employment prospects and higher wages, often in sectors such as mining, agriculture, construction and services. Remittances sent home by migrant workers constitute a major source of foreign exchange and household income for many African countries, contributing substantially to GDP and poverty reduction. Migration also facilitates skills transfer and knowledge exchange, though it can result in brain drain when highly educated professionals leave their home countries. Regional economic communities and the African Union have developed frameworks to manage migration, including protocols on free movement of persons and labour mobility initiatives aligned with AU Agenda 2063. South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and Côte d'Ivoire serve as major destination countries within the continent, while North African nations are both destinations and transit points for migration to Europe. Migration policy debates balance the economic benefits of labour mobility against concerns about social cohesion, service delivery and employment competition. International organisations including the International Organization for Migration and the World Bank provide technical support and research on migration trends, impacts and governance across the continent.