Flights all around the world could be encountering lots more turbulence in the future, according to the first ever global projections of in-flight bumpiness.
A new study published online in Geophysical Research Letters, a journal of the American Geophysical Union, has calculated that climate change will significantly increase the amount of severe turbulence worldwide between 2050 and 2080.
Severe turbulence involves forces stronger than gravity, and is strong enough to throw people and luggage around an aircraft cabin.
Flights to the most popular international destinations are projected to experience the largest increases, with severe turbulence at a typical cruising altitude of 39 000 feet becoming up to two or three times as common throughout the year over the North Atlantic (180% more common), Europe (160% more common), North America (110% more common), the North Pacific (90% more common) and Asia (60% more common).
“Air turbulence is increasing across the globe, in all seasons, and at multiple cruising altitudes. This problem is only going to worsen as the climate continues to change,” says Paul Williams, Professor of Atmospheric Science at the University of Reading, in the UK, and lead author of the new study.
“Our study highlights the need to develop improved turbulence forecasts, which could reduce the risk of injuries to passengers and lower the cost of turbulence to airlines.”
The study also makes the first ever turbulence projections for the southern hemisphere and the tropical regions of the planet. The amount of airspace containing severe turbulence is calculated to increase over South America (60% increase), Australia (50% increase), and Africa (50% increase).
“While turbulence does not usually pose a major danger to flights, it is responsible for hundreds of passenger injuries every year,” notes Luke Storer, a researcher at the University of Reading and co-author of the new study.
“It is also by far the most common cause of serious injuries to flight attendants. Turbulence is thought to cost US air carriers up to $200 million annually.”
The new research analyses supercomputer simulations of the future atmosphere with a focus on clear-air turbulence, which is particularly hazardous because it is invisible.
The expected turbulence increases are a consequence of global temperature changes, which are strengthening wind instabilities at high altitudes in the jet streams and making pockets of rough air stronger and more frequent.
“The study is another example of how the impacts of climate change can be felt through the circulation of the atmosphere, not just through increases in surface temperature itself,” says Manoj Joshi, a senior lecturer in climate dynamics at the University of East Anglia, in the UK, and co-author of the new study.