SANTIAGO – Lithium miners are bulking up for a booming future when electric cars go mainstream. But speed bumps loom, with prices tumbling on a burst of new production and demand growth slowing in China.

Between mid-2015 and mid-2018, prices for lithium, the soft, silvery-white metal crucial for rechargeable batteries, almost tripled as the world’s fleet of electric vehicles hit the 5 million mark, and the auto industry began to fret over the supply of raw materials.

That sparked the opening of six lithium mines in Australia since 2017 as companies raced to gain from an evolving technology. But while the EV boom is coming, it isn’t here yet. Sales growth is slowing in China, the top market, and the drive to fill the battery supply chain has cooled. The result: A 30% price plunge for lithium that’s spurring concern over where the bottom may lie.

“The latest EV data did reveal slowing growth, inferring that on top of excess supply, demand is now a problem,” Vivienne Lloyd and other analysts at Macquarie Capital wrote in a report this month. “The key interest for investors should be who is likely to survive.”

In the first quarter of 2019, sales of electric vehicles in China, the largest market for EVs, grew by about 90% compared with a year earlier. While that sounds impressive, it’s half the growth seen between 2017 and 2018, according to Nikolas Soulopoulos at BloombergNEF in London.

Meanwhile, lithium output in Australia, the world’s leading producer, is expected to rise about 23% over the next two years. And last month, the mining minister for No. 2 Chile, Baldo Prokurica, said the current administration was seeking to double that country’s production within four years.

Lithium producers face other pricing hurdles as well, including a slowdown in the world’s ability to convert mined ore into lithium materials. Some converters in China reported delayed expansion due to overly aggressive project timelines, extended periods to commission their facilities, and tightened credit, according to a July report by Orocobre.

In response to the delays, Perth-based Pilbara Minerals said in June that it planned to temporarily slow the pace of production.

Even though the long-term demand outlook still looks strong, some producers are lowering their earnings forecasts for the short-term. Earlier this year, Belgium-based Umicore, the world’s largest lithium ion cathode maker, lowered its earnings guidance through the end of 2019, citing weaker demand and the shutdown of energy storage systems in South Korea.

While Umicore said it expects “significant growth in revenues and earnings in 2020,” its previous projections of 100 000 tons of cathode materials sales in 2019 and 175 000 tons capacity by the end of 2021 are now on a 12 to 18 month lag.

Top lithium miner Albemarle and Livent also cited weakening demand and low prices as the cause of business headwinds and production delays.

“There’s a tradeoff,” said Joel Jackson, an analyst at BMO Capital Markets.

Producers “see that electric vehicles will take off years from now, and they want to be the dominant players in 2023, 2025, 2030,” Jackson said by telephone. “So they’ll try to build out what they believe will be the supply needed to service lithium demand years from now, and they want to get their products out there first.”

By 2025, the market for mined lithium raw material may be worth $20-billion, compared with $43-billion for refined products and $424-billion for battery cells, according to a base case scenario outlined in a 2018 study published by the Australia-based Association of Mining and Exploration Companies.

By 2030, the supply of lithium-ion batteries will need to increase by more than ten-fold, BloombergNEF forecasts, with electric vehicles accounting for more than 70% of that demand.

In the meantime, the lithium bears are in control.

Morgan Stanley forecast earlier this month that lithium carbonate prices from South America would fall below the $10 000 per ton threshold. Different forms of lithium produced in different regions will continue declining and converge between $7 000 and $8 100 per ton by 2025, according to analysts led by Javier Martinez de Olcoz.

Not all lithium is equal either. Miners produce lithium with specific chemical properties, catered to the needs of each buyer. Negotiations to close contracts are confidential and typically take months.

“As the EV industry evolves, battery requirements are changing to address greater safety needs, range specifications, and energy density,” Martinez de Olcoz wrote in a report. The difference, he said, “has raised questions about the ability of lithium producers to keep up with the fast-changing demand profile.”

Lithium stocks will remain volatile, but producers who can adapt faster to the changing needs of their customers are likely to win in the race to dominate the market, de Olcoz said.