The increased accessibility to ways of further decarbonising electricity is creating an opportunity for gold to move towards carbon neutrality and makes net-zero gold “a realistic prospect”, World Gold Council (WGC) market relations director and climate change lead John Mulligan said during the Energy & Mines Africa virtual summit, held on May 6.

This, he noted, was due to the bulk of the yellow metal’s carbon footprint being the result of the mining process, which comprises most emissions that are associated with the use of electricity, either generated on site or bought from the grid.

A comprehensive picture of gold’s carbon footprint has allowed the council to map out a high-level pathway to net zero in accordance with the Paris Agreement climate targets, which Mulligan said assisted the WGC in “analysing what that pathway might mean in terms of its feasibility, cost effectiveness and its practicality on the ground”.

“Our quantification of gold’s carbon footprint has been calculated to be around 126-million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) or CO2-equivalent emissions a year,” Mulligan noted, adding that, for methodological reasons and the need to scale up and be as comprehensive as possible, “the numbers may be an overstatement of the overall carbon footprint” of the gold industry.

By being comprehensive and taking the “big picture view”, the WGC has drilled down into where gold’s emissions are specifically generated, enabling it to look at the implications of some of these sources (like electricity) and how these may be changed by future actions to decarbonise.

“Quite significantly, recent research by the WGC indicates that the low-hanging fruit for near-term decarbonisation is all about how the industry uses and sources its electricity,” Mulligan said during his presentation, noting that the industry would need to “move quite swiftly” if emissions are to be addressed and the energy transition is to not be “overly destructive and less effective”.

For gold, like most sectors, the industry needs to target substantial emissions reduction by 2030.

“While a lot needs to be done, there are clear signs that the industry is now on that journey and is moving to embrace cleaner, safer, more energy efficient technologies, which will support further emissions reductions actions,” Mulligan said.

However, the most effective pathway to decarbonising gold mining power emissions will vary from country to country and region to region, he advised.

Looking specifically at Africa’s key gold mining nations, he highlighted differences in power sources that are driving gold mines in different countries, which result in great variations in the average power consumption and the energy and emissions intensity of gold production in specific countries.

“In some countries, there will be the opportunity to decarbonise the grid and that will have a positive impact on the gold mining emissions; elsewhere, you will need to move away from fossil-fuel-based power generation at the site,” he explained.

This means that, overall, there will be a huge variation in terms of the accessible pathways to net zero for the gold mining sector, but Mulligan believes “there is much to be gained from encouraging the increased use of renewables both on site [and] also in terms of the local grids”.