After a short-lived profit reprieve in 2018, South Africa’s upstream steel industry is under severe financial pressure yet again. In fact, it’s looking more and more like “déjà vu all over again”, to steal Yogi Berra’s famously redundant quotation. South Africa’s largest producer, ArcelorMittal South Africa, announced last month that it would, once again, be conducting an operational and financial sustainability review. As with the last review, it’s more than possible that the outcome could be the closure of some sites and plants.